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Time Lapse Pedestrians and Traffic
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Rowboats in Central Park
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Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch United States Senate Caucus Room, Washington DC
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch
Senator ERVIN. And I would not criticize you a bit if you recommended a plea of guilty because you had a client who was caught redhanded at the burglary and the defense was on very precarious grounds at best, and so if he did say that you urged him to plead guilty, I think it would be a compliment to your intelligence as a lawyer rather than a reflection on it. Mr. ALCH. With all due respect, I reject the compliment, for this reason, Senator: First of all, because he specifically said to you I never suggested that he enter a plea of guilty. The reason, when this proposition was put to me, or this offer was put to me by the Government, I practice this way, I do not-that is too important a decision for me to make. I simply take it back to the client and say: "Here it is; what do you say?" He said, "No." Senator ERVIN. Well, you never recommend to a client? Mr. ALCH. When I get an offer? Senator ERVIN. I will have to confess that I have recommended to many clients that they plead guilty and I felt like I was serving their cause the best. Mr. ALCH. I am not saying anything like that was improper. All I am saying, in this particular instance, Senator, I just brought it back to him and said, "Here is what is available to you." Senator ERVIN. You are not taking any offense at any possibility that McCord may have said that you recommended to him that he should plead guilty? Mr. ALCH. No, because he said just the opposite. Senator ERVIN. Yes, good; so we will have no controversy over that. So you are not falling out with him on that? Mr. ALCH. No.
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch
Senator ERVIN. Let us go to Executive clemency. You did attend a meeting with Mr. Bittman? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. Now, Mr. Bittman was representing Hunt? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. You knew that Hunt had been a consultant in the White House or the Executive Office? Mr. ALCH. I honestly was not just sure of what Mr. Hunt's position was. Senator ERVIN. You knew he had been working for the Committee To Re-Elect the President, didn't you? Mr. ALCH. That I did. Senator ERVIN. And you do not know what contacts were had between Mr. Hunt and any of his former associates in the Committee To Re-Elect the President or between his counsel and any of those people? Mr. ALCH. No, sir. Senator ERVIN. But you did have a discussion with Mr. Bittman in which Mr. Bittman mentioned Executive clemency, did you not? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir, in the context that I described. Senator ERVIN. In other words, when Mr. Bittman was discussing with you the fact that his client, Mr. Hunt, might plead guilty or had determined to plead guilty, I do not remember which, you discussed with him, not Executive clemency, but what? Mr. ALCH. No, sir; I tried to make clear yesterday with Mr. Bittman where the words "Executive clemency" came up did not happen on January 8. It happened some time in late 1972 and when it happened, when I said to him just in a casual conversation, "What do you think our clients are liable to receive for a sentence if they are convicted?" Just like that, and that is when he said to me - and in not a very authoritative tone I might add - "You never can tell. Christmastime rolls around, Executive clemency might come into the picture. Forget it. The President won't go near it."
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch
Senator ERVIN. You participated in the trial and heard the evidence. Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. And you know that it was proved on trial as shown on the trial or at least evidence tended to show that the notebook of Mr. Hunt which was introduced into evidence had the White House phone number on it, didn't you? Mr. ALCH. If it was, I certainly don't recall. Senator ERVIN. You don't recall it? Mr. ALCH. Because Mr. Hunt's local counsel - I don't recall. Senator ERVIN. Anyway when you asked Mr. Bittman what kind of sentences the clients might get if they were convicted he said, "Well, it might be Executive clemency," didn't he? Mr. ALCH. He didn't say it that way. Senator ERVIN. Well, he said Christmas was coming. Mr. ALCH. That is right. [Laughter.] Senator ERVIN. And he at least indicated that he thought parts of executive's hearts became kinder around Christmastime than any other season of the year. Mr. ALCH. Senator, let me say this. He did not respond in this type of way, he did not say, "Now, look, Christmas is coming, they are going to get Executive clemency." It wasn't that type of conversation. What he said to me was in sort of a theorizing way, "Well, just as Christmastime comes around there may be Executive clemency," I immediately responded as I told you yesterday that "There is no chance of that happening, in my opinion."
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch
Senator ERVIN. You said, on page 16 of your statement: I had occasion in late 1972 during one of the pretrial meetings of defense lawyers in Washington, I had occasion to say to Mr. Bittman, "Bill, what do you think our clients will receive as a sentence should they be convicted?" Mr. Bittman responded in substance as if theorizing, "You can never tell. Christmastime rolls around and there could be Executive clemency." Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Those are his words, to the best of my recollection. Senator ERVIN. So I think that was sort of right to have an idea that Christmas had some relation to Mr. Bittman's remarks. Mr. ALCH. In the context of the way he uttered it. Senator ERVIN. Well, now, you agree you left that meeting and then you saw Mr. McCord. Later you discussed the question of executive privilege with Mr. McCord, didn't you? Mr. ALCH. I didn't discuss the question, I relayed to him the conversation I had with Mr. Bittman. Senator ERVIN. Yes, and you relayed the conversation in which Bittman had said in effect that you can never tell, Christmastime rolls around and there could be Executive clemency. Mr. ALCH. I did with a singular addition of my own. Senator ERVIN. Yes, and you said it was absurd to expect Executive clemency, the President wouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole or something like that. Mr. ALCH. That is what I said. Senator ERVIN. And McCord agreed with you? Mr. ALCH. He did.
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Senator ERVIN. I want to ask two or three questions. Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. Mr. McCord told you that he had been furnished information from the Internal Security Division of the Department of Justice and from other sources, which led him to believe that there might be some violence practiced against the President or his surrogates in the campaign, did he not? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. And that was the kind of defense he wanted to interpose, was it not? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. And you studied that defense and briefed it and Judge Sirica held, during the progress of the trial, that he would charge that that defense was unavailable, legally speaking? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. Then the only defense you were left with was the defense of lack of criminal intent on the part of Mr. McCord? Mr. ALCH. If it can be called a defense; yes, sir. Senator ERVIN. Well, as you told him, that was a very weak defense, and I think that is because it is a rule of law, is it not, that every man is presumed to intend the natural consequences of his own acts, and the natural consequences of McCord's own acts was that he was caught in the Watergate? Mr. ALCH. That is correct.
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch United States Senate Caucus Room, Washington DC
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Senator BAKER. Now, in the time I have before me, still remaining to me, Mr. Alch, I want to suggest two or three things that appear to be in conflict, and I want you to suggest to us how we might go about reconciling those apparent discrepancies or how we might go about shedding additional light on the subject matter. Begin with the allegation as I understand it of Mr. McCord as stated on page 2 of his testimony as follows: "There followed a suggestion from Mr. Alch that I use as my defense during the trial the story that the Watergate operation was a CIA operation." This is Mr. McCord speaking. Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator BAKER. "I heard him out on the suggestion, which included questions as to whether I could ostensibly have been recalled from retirement from the CIA to participate in the operation. He said that if so, my personnel records at CIA could be doctored to reflect such a recall. I stated that Schlesinger, the new Director of CIA, whose appointment had just been announced, could be subpoenaed and would go along with it." Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. Senator BAKER. You previously testified that you did not say that to Mr. McCord. Is that correct? Mr. ALCH. That is correct. Senator BAKER. Did anyone say that to Mr. McCord in your presence? Mr. ALCH. No, sir. Senator BAKER. Do you have any knowledge of anybody saying that to Mr. McCord? Mr. ALCA. No, sir. Senator BAKER. Then there is a conflict between your testimony and that of Mr. McCord. Do you have any suggestions as to how this committee can reconcile that apparently irreconcilable difference in proof and give us some indication of where the truth lies? Mr. ALCH. Two. Senator BAKER. Tell us. Mr. ALCH. One, speak to the third party who was there. Senator BAKER. Who was there? Mr. ALCH. Mr. Bernard Shankman. Senator BAKER. Is he under subpoena, Mr. Counsel? Mr. DASH. We have been interviewing Mr. Shankman. Senator BAKER. Would you make a notation that I would like to speak to Mr. Shankman. Would you go ahead, sir? Mr. ALCH. If that should prove inconclusive with regard to this discrepancy and with regard to the discrepancy that Mr. Fensterwald denies that he told me that he was not going after the President. Senator BAKER. No, no, we will get to that in a minute. Mr. ALCH. Very well.
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Senator BAKER. Confine yourself if you will to the allegation made by Mr. McCord, contained on page 2 of his statement, with respect to the defense of the recall of the CIA and the doctoring of his records to reflect that. Is there anything else except Mr. Shankman's possible testimony that you can suggest to us that might shed some light on that apparent conflict and the testimony of you and Mr. McCord? Mr. ALCH. Yes, sir. I suggest that both Mr. McCord and I, if he is willing, submit to a polygraph test conducted by a competent examiner, accredited by the American Polygraph Association. I state my willingness to do so. Senator BAKER. Do you have any other suggestion? Mr. ALCH. No, not at this time.
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Senator ERVIN. Senator Montoya. Senator MONTOYA. I have a few questions, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Alch, what were the exact words or the mental attitude of Mr. .McCord when you confronted him with the offer to plead to one charge in exchange for him being a Government witness, assuming that you did not recommend it? Mr. ALCH. He said words to the effect "no deal.' Senator MONTOYA. What else did he say? Mr. ALCH. Just "Tell them I am not interested in that type of arrangement." Senator MONTOYA. Now this was communicated to Mr. McCord as a result of your meeting in the office of Mr. Bittman, is that correct? Mr. ALCH. Are we talking about - I may have misunderstood you, Senator, are you talking - Senator MONTOYA. As I understood your testimony you went to Mr. Bittman's office on January 8? Mr. ALCH. Yes sir. Senator MONTOYA. You went into a private conference with him? Mr. ALCH. Yes sir. Senator MONTOYA. And you discussed with him the possibility that Mr. Hunt was going to offer a plea of guilty? Mr. ALCH. Yes sir.
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973 - Testimony of Gerald Alch United States Senate Caucus Room, Washington DC
Testimony of Gerald Alch - Watergate Hearings: Senate Select Committee Hearings on Presidential Campaign Activities, May 24, 1973
Senator BAKER. Now, I want to move on to another subject matter. The chairman has suggested that it might be a glory to your competency as a lawyer and your judgment as a counsel had you advised Mr. McCord to plead guilty, that after all he was caught, as the chairman put it, I believe, redhanded in Watergate. He was indicted on what - seven counts, or eight? Mr. ALCH. Seven, I believe. Senator BAKER. Did you ever consider advising him to plead guilty? Mr. ALCH. I did not, for this reason. He told me from the beginning he did not want to. He told me he wanted to go to trial and he told me the defense he wanted to use based upon what he claimed to be the true motivation of his actions. Senator BAKER. What did he tell you to be the true motivation of his actions? Mr. ALCH. His attempt to obtain advance warning of planned violent demonstrations by radical antiwar groups, as he put it, which would, in his opinion, lead to violence to prominent Republican officials. Senator BAKER. And he said that in relation to the entry into the Democratic National Committee? Mr. ALCH. He did. Senator BAKER. Not into the headquarters of the Weathermen or any other group, but the DNC, the Democratic National Committee? Mr. ALCH. That is what he told me was his reason for doing what lie did. Senator BAKER. Did you advise him that that was or was not an available defense? Mr. ALCH. I told him I would look into it. I did. He was talking and submitted memorandums to me under the topic of defense of others. My research told me or showed me that this particular defense did not permit the one claiming not to know that he was breaking the law. I told him so. Senator BAKER. Did you then tell him that the defense was not available? Mr. ALCH. That particular one, but I also told him that there was a similar related defense which particularly allowed the perpetrator to know that he was breaking the law. That was the defense of duress. That defense was presented in his behalf and when Chief Judge Sirica ruled as a matter of law that it was not applicable to the facts, I made my offer of proof.
Bernard Baruch: Adviser To Presidents Is Dead At 94
Bernard Baruch sitting on a park bench. A little girl and boy runs up to Bernard who's sitting on a park bench.
Bernard Baruch: Adviser To Presidents Is Dead At 94
Earlier times Bernard at the United Nations. Bernard Baruch at the United Nations, "We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead. That is our business." Winston Churchill, left, Bernard Baruch, center, President Eisenhower, right. CU Prime Minister Winston Churchill. CU Bernard Baruch and President Eisenhower.
Bernard Baruch: Adviser To Presidents Is Dead At 94
High Angle Shot - Housing development in New York City. MS - President Eisenhower and Bernard Baruch standing on a podium. Throngs turn out for the dedication of the housing development. A bronze bust of Bernard Baruch.
UN's 20th Year: World Body Marks Signing Of Charter
Aerial shot - San Francisco, California and the Golden Gate Bridge. MS - Flags of 113 nations. MS - The Opera house where the United Nations Charter was signed 20 years ago. MS - Exhibition of United Nations Publications. CU - Bookcase and books on Education, Science and Culture. CU - Bookcase on Social Questions. CU - Bookcase, World Health and Food. CU - An oil painting commemorating the Charter for the UN. CU - The Charter itself is displayed
UN's 20th Year: World Body Marks Signing Of Charter
June 1945, 50 nations affixed their signatures to the United Nations Charter. Men from different nations signing the Charter. Throngs behind a roped off area. MS - President Harry S. Truman shaking hands with a dignitary from another country.
UN's 20th Year: World Body Marks Signing Of Charter
President Johnson shaking hands with head dignitaries from other nations 20-years later. MS - President Johnson standing on the podium addressing the other nations on peace. Dignitaries from other countries. President Johnson, "And I do know this, whether we look for the judgment to God or to history or to mankind. This is the age. And we are the men. And this is the place to give reality to our commitments, under the United Nations Charter. (Applause) For what was for other generations just a hope, it is for this generation a simple necessity. Thank you very much." President Johnson walks away from the microphone and sits down in a chair placed in the center of the raised stage. MS - General U Thant awards President Johnson with a medal and the two men shake hands.